Objective To investigate mosquito population variation in Jiangsu province, China from 2008 to 2018, and to provide a basis for mosquito control in Jiangsu province. Methods We collected adult mosquito surveillance data obtained using the lamp trapping method at provincial surveillance sites in Jiangsu from 2008 to 2018 to analyze mosquito population variation in urban and rural areas in Jiangsu. The pairwise Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. Results The mosquito density in urban areas, rural areas, and the whole province in Jiangsu from 2008 to 2018 was 7.53, 61.26, and 28.26 mosquitoes/light·night, respectively; in general, the annual mosquito density showed an increasing trend in urban areas, but a decreasing trend in rural areas and the whole province. In the three types of habitats in urban areas, i.e., residential areas, parks, and hospitals, parks were dominant habitats; in the two types of habitats in rural areas, i.e., civilian residences and livestock sheds, livestock sheds were dominant habitats, which were also absolutely dominant habitats among the five types of habitats mentioned above, with a mosquito density over seven times that in other four types of habitats. In the 11 years, the pooled mosquito density by month showed a single-peak variation in urban areas, rural areas, and the whole province, with a peak density in July (17.81, 235.23, and 101.95 mosquitoes/light·night, respectively, for the above three areas); in mosquito seasons, the mosquito density by month in rural areas was 1.50-13.20 times that in urban areas. The composition of mosquito populations in Jiangsu province was mainly Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, An. lesteri, and Armigeres subalbatus; Cx. pipiens pallens was the absolutely dominant species in urban areas; in rural areas and the whole province, the dominant species was Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in most of the 11 years and was Cx. pipiens pallens in the other few years. In most of the 11 years, the density of Cx. pipiens pallens in rural areas was about 2 times that in urban areas, with a significant difference between the two (χ²=15.783, P<0.01); in each of the 11 years, the density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in rural areas was over 10 times that in urban areas, with a significant difference between the two (χ²=15.783, P <0.01); the density of the two dominant species showed a single-peak seasonal variation, with a peak density in July. Except for the dominant species, the pooled density by month of other four species was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Conclusion Remarkable achievements have been made in mosquito control in rural areas in Jiangsu province, while more efforts are needed in urban areas. The focus of mosquito control in rural areas should be livestock sheds and dominant mosquito species; effective surveillance of Ae. albopictus and Ar. subalbatus remains to be pushed forward. The pooled mosquito densities by year and month over the 11 years can provide a preliminary reference for the initiation of mosquito control in Jiangsu province.

Objective To study the infection of Schistosomiasis in small mammals and other final host after achieving control standards of schistosomiasis in Eryuan, explore small mammals' roles in schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous endemic regions in Yunnan province. Methods To capture the small mammals by night trapping method in the cultivated area with snail breeding around the villages. The infection by anatomical observation and stool examination after taxonomic identification of the small mammals. The infection of Schistosomiasis of residents and domestic animals, and situation on the snails were surveyed by the routine method,2010-2011. Results Six species, 4 genera, 3 families and 3 orders of 307 small mammals were captured in the schistosomiasis area. The rate of the captured was 12.79%. The predominant species were Rattus sladeni and Apodemus chevrieri, which accounted for 53.75% and 20.85% respectively. Among 305 small mammals being tested, one R. sladeni was infected with Schistosomiasis japonica, the infection rate of R. sladeni was 0.61%(1/165) and EPG(x) was 0.291, small mammals was 0.33%(1/305)and EPG(x) was 0.157. The infection rate of Schistosomiasis of humans, cattles, horses and dogs were about 1.01%(6/597), 0.83%(5/599), 0.58% (1/173), and 5.91% (13/220), and other animals were negative. The infectiosity EPG(x) of humans, cattles, horses and dogs were 0.009-0.010, 0.005, 0.007, and 0.080. There was statistical significance between the infection rate of Schistosomiasis of small mammals and dogs (χ²=15.339, P<0.05), as small mammals with others no significant differences. Density of living snails was decreased and no infected snail was found. Conclusion The result indicated the low infection of Schistosomiasis in small mammals in the area where it was achieved with control standard of Schistosomiasis. Further investigation may need to confirm the infection of Schistosomiasis in small mammals in some areas of mountainous valley region.

Objective To investigate the bacterial community composition and diversity in Haemaphysalis longicornis. Methods The metagenomic 16S rDNA V3-V4 profiling of bacteria were sequenced by Illumina Miseq PE300 sequencing platform to describe the bacterial community in H. longicornis ticks, to evaluate bacterial population diversity and to identify the predominant microorganisms and distribution of pathogens. Results A total of 1 070 624 Tags and 145 479 OTUs were obtained for the study. Rarefaction analysis showed a rare factional Shannon-Wiener index reaching a plateau, which indicated that sufficient numbers of sequences had been sequenced for diversity analyses and the richness of bacteria of H. longicornis. The predominated phyla in the H. longicornis were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes sequentially. Gammaproteobacteria class showed the highest relative abundance. Also we identified a core bacterial community and divided the ticks into two groups. The 21 and 11 unique bacterial communities were detected in individual group, GⅠ and GⅡ respectively. A large number of pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogens were found, there were no Spirochaeta and Mycoplasma present in the tick samples. Conclusion The bacterial community structure and distribution of pathogens obtained from H. longicornis ticks showed a high diversity.

As one of the most important medical vectors, ticks can attack a broad range of vertebrates and transmit a great diversity of pathogens. With the global warming and environmental alternation, the distribution areas of ticks are increasing rapidly. Subsequently, emerging and reemerging ticks-borne diseases pose considerable threats on public health. Chemical insecticides often show high efficacy, however, the long-term and large amount use not only leads to resistance development of vectors, drug residues are also potential hazards to people and livestock. Plant-derived repellents are characterized by low toxicity or non-toxic, and all these natural plant compositions are degradable. In all, plant-derived repellents are environmental friendly, which will play important role in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases in future. In order to provide basic information for the further development of plant-derived repellents, it reviewed related researches that performed on ticks.

Insectivorous animal is one of the oldest and most primitive mammals, which is widely distributed throughout the world. Hantavirus is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). In recent years, 23 types of hantaviruses have been found in insectivorous animals. The typing, phylogenetic, co-evolution or cross-species transmission of hantaviruses associated with insectivorous animals were reviewed in this paper.

Objective To investigate the susceptibility of Armigeres subalbatus to commonly used pesticides in Suqian city, Jiangsu province. Methods Dipping method was used to detect LC₅₀ of Suqian field population of Ar. subalbatus to abate, fenobucarb, deltamethrin, betacypermethrin and permethrin. Results The LC₅₀(mg/L)of Suqian population of Ar. subalbatus to abate, fenobucarb, deltamethrin, betacypermethrin and permethrin was 0.059 36, 2.563 5, 0.000 457 2, 0.000 443 2 and 0.001 701 respectively, was 7.24, 2.68, 0.21, 0.09, and 0.11 times of LC₅₀ of Suqian population of Cluex pipiens pallens collected from same site on same pesticides. Conclusion Compared with Suqian population of Cx. pipiens pallens, Ar. subalbatus was more resistant to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, more susceptible to pyrethroids. IPM was recommended in the control of Ar. subalbatus. Controlling larvae by eliminating of dirty water of vessels and ditches, using pyrethroids or B.t.i. or B. sphaericus biopesticide, were better than controlling adults of Ar. subalbatus, but chemical control on adults of Ar. subalbatus would be the first selection at high vector density or during epidemic period of vector diseases.

Objective To compare the efficacy of“bamboo strips”and“bamboo joints”baiting methods to control commensal rodents that dwell the underground sewage in Shanghai, China. Methods (1)the foraging rate was compared between“bamboo strips”and“bamboo joints”;(2)Observation was made to compare the foraging rate among the baits of Asako, fresh rice dubbed 0.005% bromadiolone bait and Bromadiolone wax blocks;(3)Trails were conducted in the underground sewage system adjacent the groceries and restaurants. Results Data from underground sewage system adjacent the groceries and restaurants indicated that the foraging rate in“bamboo joints”method (6.02%) was significantly higher than traditional“bamboo strips”method (1.39%) (χ²=8.10, P<0.05), the rodent populations dwelling in underground sewage systems showed a foraging rate of 85.07% on Asako, followed by that on fresh rice dubbed with bromadiolone bait and then bromadiolone wax block. Conclusion The“bamboo joints”method was recommended for rodent control in underground sewage system by baiting.

Objective To analyze the sequence of Hantavirus(HV) from Zhejiang, Fujian provinces and Shanghai municipal. Methods The sequence of M segment of several HV strains from coastal areas of Zhejiang, Fujian province and Shanghai municipal were collected and analyzed by Mega 4.0 and DNAStar software, phylogenetic trees were built by neighbor joining method (NJ) and analyzed to compare the similarity of HV strains isolated from Zhejiang, Fujian provinces and Shanghai municipal. Results The phylogenetic tree revealed that the similarity of isolates in the same province is much higher than the other, meanwhile, in same province or city, the nucleotide similarity of the same region is higher than the other regions. The distributions of the isolates from closer regions share higher sequence similarity in the phylogenetic branches. The ZH53 strain of HTN isolated from Fujian province, Gou3 strain and ZJ5 strain of SEO isolated from Jiande region in Zhejiang province formed a distinct phylogenic lineage in HTNV clade and SEOV clade respectively, and these strains were different from other variants and international standard strains with the similarity of 82.7%-86.3% and 84.0%-85.3% respectively. The SEOV strains in Zhejiang were isolated from field mouse indicating the phenomenon of “host spillover”. Conclusion The sequence similarity and the phylogeny of HV in southeast costal area of Zhejiang, Fujian provinces and Shanghai is closed related to the isolated regions, indicating geographic distribution of HV.